{"id":20541,"date":"2018-03-06T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2018-03-06T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.forigo.it\/non-categorizzato\/water-stagnation-what-it-is-and-how-to-avoid-it"},"modified":"2024-11-06T12:07:04","modified_gmt":"2024-11-06T12:07:04","slug":"water-stagnation-what-it-is-and-how-to-avoid-it","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forigo.it\/en\/news\/water-stagnation-what-it-is-and-how-to-avoid-it","title":{"rendered":"Water Stagnation: what is it and how to avoid it"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_75 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forigo.it\/en\/news\/water-stagnation-what-it-is-and-how-to-avoid-it\/#Water_stagnation_texture_and_porosity_of_the_soil\" >Water stagnation: texture and porosity of the soil<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forigo.it\/en\/news\/water-stagnation-what-it-is-and-how-to-avoid-it\/#Water_stagnation_which_type_of_soil\" >Water stagnation: which type of soil?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forigo.it\/en\/news\/water-stagnation-what-it-is-and-how-to-avoid-it\/#Water_stagnation_organization_of_agriculture\" >Water stagnation: organization of agriculture<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forigo.it\/en\/news\/water-stagnation-what-it-is-and-how-to-avoid-it\/#Water_stagnation_preventive_operation\" >Water stagnation: preventive operation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forigo.it\/en\/news\/water-stagnation-what-it-is-and-how-to-avoid-it\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">How many times did you find yourself in trouble because of <strong>plentiful rainfall<\/strong>s? You can\u2019t avoid completely this <strong>risk<\/strong>, but it\u2019s possible to reduce it. Let\u2019s analyze the phenomenon of <strong>water stagnation<\/strong> together.<!--more--><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The phenomenon of water stagnation happens when the water can\u2019t reach the surface of the soil because its empty spaces are already occupied. <strong>Water stagnation<\/strong> can be on the <strong>surface<\/strong> of the soil and in the macropores under the surface (for example in the first 40-50 cm). In this case the stagnation cannot be seen but it\u2019s dangerous because it reduces the useful layer for the development of the crop.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In a <strong>fertile soil<\/strong>, water stagnation should be a temporary phenomenon, its normal short duration doesn\u2019t affect the fertility of the soil and it doesn\u2019t cause damages for the crops. Vice versa, when the water stagnation has a <strong>long-term duration<\/strong>, it can cause serious alterations. The long-term water stagnation represents a land which has not enough porosity compared to the agricultural needs.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In order to understand how to face this problem, it is important to get acquainted with the <strong>relationship between water and soil<\/strong>, thanks to the acquisition of some agricultural concepts.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Water_stagnation_texture_and_porosity_of_the_soil\"><\/span><strong>Water stagnation: texture and porosity of the soil<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Agricultural soil is made of full spaces (the solid portion of the territory) and empty spaces (pores). The perfect equilibrium between these two components is represented by the 50%. Often it\u2019s difficult to maintain this standard.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pores are made of micropores and macropores. <strong>Micropores<\/strong> are gaps between loam particles (they have a dimension of 0,002 mm). <strong>Macropores<\/strong> are gaps between granules or between structures of unbundling of clumps (produced by the work) or between particles of sand which have bigger diameter (0,2 mm).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The tiniest part of the particles creates the soil and has electricity on his surface, it\u2019s rolled up with a layer of water characterized by chemical forces (dipolar bonds) which hold this electricity making it unavailable for plants. It is called <strong>hygroscopic water<\/strong>. The space between colloids can be occupied by water moving under the effect of the <strong>capillarity<\/strong>. In ideal conditions, water is always available for micropores and they can satisfy the needs of plants. The plot of land in which the water moves and is characterized by the capillary action is called \u201ccapillary fringe\u201d. A very important component regarding the <strong>fertility <\/strong>is tied to this fact, in seasons where there is a lower rate of rainfalls, water refill rely on this capillary action. In order to satisfy the crop, it\u2019s necessary the connection between the groundwater and the <strong>capillary fringe<\/strong>, the last one has to reach the roots of the crop.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn2.hubspot.net\/hubfs\/2588329\/Water-stagnation-soil-study.jpg\" alt=\"Water-stagnation-soil-study\" width=\"600\" style=\"width: 600px; display: block; margin: 0px auto;\"><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In macropores, the passage of the water is affect by the gravity: the water runs down deep into the soil until it reaches a permeable or a non-permeable layer. On the non-permeable layer there is the <strong>groundwater<\/strong> which can be fed from areas far away (even km far away) or from weather conditions (rain and snow). This second condition is typical in the Po valley where alluvial deposits created <strong>loam layers<\/strong> which \u201cseparate\u201d the deep stratum from the superficial ones.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In natural lands, macropores have biological origin and they are small ducts which keeps the development of roots and the passage of earthworms and other bugs, fundamental organisms for soil fertility. These elements called <strong>biopores<\/strong> allow the development of the <strong>sod-seeding<\/strong> technique. This process doesn\u2019t allow the work of machines on the soil; the permeability is granted by the creation of biopores thanks to vegetation, crop, the natural fauna of a fertile soil and the organic matter.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Water_stagnation_which_type_of_soil\"><\/span><strong>Water stagnation: which type of soil?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Sandy soils<\/strong> are always permeable because they are full of macropores. This lack makes sandy soils <strong>sensible to drought<\/strong>. As a matter of fact, micropores not only allows the capillary resurgence but also have the function of stocking the water. &nbsp;<br \/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn2.hubspot.net\/hubfs\/2588329\/Water-stagnation-sand-loam.png\" alt=\"Water-stagnation-sand-loam\" width=\"398\" style=\"width: 398px; float: right; margin: 10px 0px 0px 20px;\"> <br \/><strong>Loam soils<\/strong> (with 40% loam) are full of micropores and the presence of macropores depends on the stability of particles. For this reason, lands full of <strong>water stagnation<\/strong> are characterized of weaving full of clay and loam, with a less percentage of sand. In this lands, it\u2019s important to keep a balance between micropores and macropores because the <strong>permeability of the soil<\/strong> depends on macropores.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In deep soils of the Po valley and other Italian valleys it\u2019s difficult that the soil cannot reach the water after heavy rainfall. The <strong>cause of water stagnation<\/strong> dangerous for the stability of the crop, depends on the <strong>insufficient permeability<\/strong> of the worked area. Obviously, the water stagnation phenomenon takes place only when there are <strong>long periods of heavy rainfalls<\/strong>. In Winter, when temperatures doesn\u2019t allow the vegetative activity, water stagnation can last several days but it doesn\u2019t represent a problem. When the vegetation is active, the <strong>absence of air in the soil<\/strong> can cause troubles for the crop, in serious situation plants can suffer from <strong>yellowing leaves<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">If we sum up, we can state:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Our lands can contain lots of water because they are <strong>deep soils<\/strong>;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Water stagnation<\/strong> is caused by an insufficient permeability of the layer reached by roots;<\/li>\n<li>The <strong>absorption of water<\/strong> is possible thanks to macropores, which in loam soils depend on the stability of the particles;<\/li>\n<li>In natural lands, characterized by the <strong>sod-seeding<\/strong> technique, an important compoment of macropores are represented by biopores (biological pores);<\/li>\n<li>Water stagnation is less dangerous during Winter season, while it has an high rate of danger in Spring, <strong>when the vegetation is active<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It\u2019s fundamental to manage <strong>tough lands<\/strong> in order to preserve the aggregations and create the ideal condition in which new aggregation can shape. Lots of farms have to change the line of working with soil: from the preparation to the seeding bed to post harvest process.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><div class='elementor-element elementor-element-4b5588c acenter button-mobile elementor-widget__width-initial has-animated-bg elementor-widget elementor-widget-wgl-button pulsante-old-articoli' data-id='4b5588c' data-element_type='widget' data-widget_type='wgl-button.default'>\r\n                        <div class='elementor-widget-container'>\r\n                            <a class='wgl-button btn-size-xl ' role='button' href='#form-articolo'>\r\n                                <div class='button__content '>\r\n                                    <span class='button__text'>Contact us!<\/span>\r\n                                <\/div>\r\n                            <\/a>\t\t\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                    <\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Water_stagnation_organization_of_agriculture\"><\/span><strong>Water stagnation: organization of agriculture<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In order to solve the problem of water <strong>stagnation<\/strong> in northern valleys of Italy, it was necessary to create <strong>complex agricultural arrangements<\/strong> characterized by channels, trenches and a slope given to the plots. The <strong>slope<\/strong> is useful to grant a superficial draining in order to avoid that meteoric waters become stagnant on the surface. The <strong>draining<\/strong> shall adapt plantation to the needs of crops. Agricultural arrangements have the purpose to <strong>distance the excess of water<\/strong> and rarely are arranged to facilitate the storage of water in the soil.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn2.hubspot.net\/hubfs\/2588329\/water-stagnation-capillary-fringe.jpeg\" alt=\"water-stagnation-capillary-fringe\" width=\"600\" style=\"width: 600px; display: block; margin: 0px auto;\"><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Agricultural arrangements are useful in areas which rainfalls gather in specific periods of the year. But when rainfalls are too excessive, the fast draining of waters can be a losing strategy. In recent years, the increase of drought and the changes in the distribution of rainfalls have brought to a progressive <strong>decrease of the capillary fringe<\/strong> and, in some areas, a decrease of hydro-supplies too. The solution to these problems, based on a project developed in <strong>California<\/strong>, is the creation of areas with <strong>aquifers refill<\/strong>: in Winter season, these fields are isolated from water supply in order to give space to the water and pass through the soil to <strong>refill the groundwater<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Water_stagnation_preventive_operation\"><\/span><strong>Water stagnation: preventive operation<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Now you can understand which are the <strong>useful operations<\/strong> to prevent the problems related to <strong>water stagnation<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The first operation aims to remove the <strong>working surface<\/strong>, which is the first cause of water stagnation. You can remove the working surface by operating in a depth of 10-15 cm higher than tillage.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The second operation aims to <strong>remove the tillage<\/strong> to avoid the re-establishment of the working surface. Besides, the application of the plough causes a decrease of organic matters, which is the center of the third operation.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The increase of <strong>organic matter<\/strong> (humus in particular) in soil improves the creation of macropores. The techniques useful to increase organic matters are:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>The abandonment of <strong>tillage <\/strong>(which don\u2019t have to be upside down and deep);<\/li>\n<li>The supply of <strong>organic fertilizers<\/strong> (manure, compost\u2026);<\/li>\n<li>The introduction of <a href=\"\/en\/news\/cover-crops-what-they-are-production-and-benefits\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>cover crops<\/strong><\/a> and green manure crop.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn2.hubspot.net\/hubfs\/2588329\/Water-stagnation-compact-soil.jpg\" alt=\"Water-stagnation-compact-soil\" width=\"250\" style=\"width: 250px; float: right; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px;\">The fourth operation aims <strong>not to compact the soil<\/strong>, avoiding the passage when the land is not stable, due to contained water. Please do not carry out strong operations because they can crumble the aggregation of soil.<\/p>\n<p>We also have to consider the <strong>preventive operation<\/strong> regarding the effectiveness of the agricultural system in agricultural funds. The most important action is the <strong>leveling of lands<\/strong> in order to get rid of repressions in plots. These areas are subject to water stagnation.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In this article, we\u2019ve analyzed the <strong>water stagnation<\/strong>: the possible causes and the <strong>fields<\/strong> which are characterized by this phenomenon. As we said before, it\u2019s not possible to fully delete the problem but, with the right insights, you can <strong>reduce the risk<\/strong> of having this problem in your land.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">We hope this article has been useful for you. If you have any doubt or specific question, please <a href=\"\/en\/contact-us\">contact us<\/a>! Our experts <strong>Forigo<\/strong> are always at your disposal.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><div class='elementor-element elementor-element-4b5588c acenter button-mobile elementor-widget__width-initial has-animated-bg elementor-widget elementor-widget-wgl-button pulsante-old-articoli' data-id='4b5588c' data-element_type='widget' data-widget_type='wgl-button.default'>\r\n                        <div class='elementor-widget-container'>\r\n                            <a class='wgl-button btn-size-xl ' role='button' href='#form-articolo'>\r\n                                <div class='button__content '>\r\n                                    <span class='button__text'>Contact us!<\/span>\r\n                                <\/div>\r\n                            <\/a>\t\t\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                    <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How many times did you find yourself in trouble because of plentiful rainfalls? You can\u2019t avoid completely this risk, but it\u2019s possible to reduce it. Let\u2019s analyze the phenomenon of water stagnation together.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":20542,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[408],"tags":[410],"class_list":["post-20541","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","tag-old-articoli"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Water Stagnation: what is it and how to avoid it - Forigo<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"How many times have you suffered damages due to water stagnation due to heavy rainfall? 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