{"id":20534,"date":"2018-03-20T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2018-03-20T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.forigo.it\/non-categorizzato\/green-manure-in-horticulture-how-when-and-why"},"modified":"2024-11-06T12:29:11","modified_gmt":"2024-11-06T12:29:11","slug":"green-manure-in-horticulture-how-when-and-why","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forigo.it\/en\/news\/green-manure-in-horticulture-how-when-and-why","title":{"rendered":"Green Manure in Horticulture: How, When and Why"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_75 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forigo.it\/en\/news\/green-manure-in-horticulture-how-when-and-why\/#Green_manure_against_parasites\" >Green manure against parasites.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forigo.it\/en\/news\/green-manure-in-horticulture-how-when-and-why\/#Grass_plants_in_greenhouse_a_new_strategy\" >Grass plants in greenhouse: a new strategy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forigo.it\/en\/news\/green-manure-in-horticulture-how-when-and-why\/#Green_Manure_mixture_and_biodiversity\" >Green Manure: mixture and biodiversity&nbsp;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forigo.it\/en\/news\/green-manure-in-horticulture-how-when-and-why\/#Green_manure_management_at_the_end_of_the_cycle\" >Green manure: management at the end of the cycle<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forigo.it\/en\/news\/green-manure-in-horticulture-how-when-and-why\/#_Conclusion\" >&nbsp;Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Let\u2019s go back to the topic regarding <strong>crops which don\u2019t produce harvest<\/strong>. Do you know which <strong>benefits<\/strong> they can bring to your company? Now we will analyze the <strong>green manure<\/strong> technique: how you can use this process in <strong>horticulture<\/strong> and all the possible solutions.<!--more--><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Crops which don\u2019t produce harvest are useful for the protection of the soil and the improvement of fertility and biodiversity. These crops are known as <strong>green manure<\/strong> because in the past, they were \u201cgreen manured\u201d with the plough. Today the term green manure indicates also <strong>cover crops<\/strong> or <strong>catch crops<\/strong> in order to underline some of important features of these crops. The Anglo-Saxons call this procedure <strong><em>green manure<\/em><\/strong> because it can replace feces of animals in the manuring of cultivated lands. We will analyze the topic of the <strong>green manure<\/strong> with specific attention to the horticulture, in particular the one in the greenhouse, by introducing some <strong>practical solutions<\/strong>. These pictures show demonstrative tests about green manure crops in greenhouse made by Sata S.r.l., a society for agronomic consultation.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Productive cycles in horticulture follow one another without leaving time for the introduction of green manure. Always in horticulture, <strong>green manure<\/strong> becomes the basis technique to contrast the decline of the fertility. The soil can quickly reach the condition called <strong><u><a href=\"https:\/\/www.forigo.it\/en\/news\/soil-fatigue-discover-causes-and-experts-remedies\">soil fatigue<\/a><\/u><\/strong>. In order to avoid this phenomenon it\u2019s important to apply not only the <strong>rotations, <\/strong>but also the green manure technique. The fact that the soil has to rest by avoiding to be cultivated for a certain period it is not the right solution, this technique represents not only a <strong>waste<\/strong> (from an ecological point of view), but also it brings the soil to an <strong>depletion<\/strong> of nutrients, a <strong>decrease of the organic substance<\/strong> and it has no effect on pathogens and parasites.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In fields with Spring-Summer cycles, the farmer can apply the <strong>green manure <\/strong>in Autumn or in Winter. He has to choose the right plants for the cover crop between micro-thermic species, for example winter grass plants, rapeseed and some legumes (this type is common in the center and south of Italy). Conversely, with Summer-Winter cycles of production (for example with the chicory) or during Spring (regarding the nightshade berries) it\u2019s possible to insert Spring green manure crops. In this case, you have a wide possibility of choice for the species and also the opportunity to pursue other objectives in addition to this technique. Besides, in Spring, the development of the green manure can be easy to include in the <strong>rotation of the farm<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn2.hubspot.net\/hubfs\/2588329\/green-manure-horticolture-tunnel.jpg\" alt=\"green-manure-horticolture-tunnel\" width=\"400\" style=\"width: 400px; float: left; margin: 0px 15px 0px 0px;\">In case of <strong>horticulture in the greenhouse<\/strong>, it\u2019s difficult to include a green manure crop. It\u2019s also good to know that the cycle can be short, by reducing to 30-40 days in advantageous seasons. In greenhouses equipped for the growing of salad for <strong>ready to eat products<\/strong> (also called <strong><em>baby leaf<\/em><\/strong>), the introduction of green manure in growing cycles with two or one year frequency offers lots of opportunities. First of all, there\u2019s an interesting <strong>diversification of crops during the rotation<\/strong> (often there are only three or four botanical families).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In order to do an accurate choice, it\u2019s useful to understand the <strong>effects<\/strong> that different species can create: the introduction of a substance with different biochemistry composition; conservation of the nutrients in the soil; extraction of useless nutrients; mechanical action carried out on soil by roots etc..<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Green_manure_against_parasites\"><\/span>Green manure against parasites.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the greenhouse the application of plants capable of contrasting parasites can be very useful, in this environment it\u2019s difficult to apply an effective crop rotation because there are less production choices.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Some of parasites are attracted to these plants, they reach the roots in order to eat them. Specific plants like <em>Tagetes<\/em> spp., <em>Lantana camara<\/em>, <em>Asparagus officinalis<\/em> or <em>Crotalaria juncea<\/em> attract the parasite, this one reaches the roots and discovers that they can\u2019t be eaten, then it starts the deterioration. Other plants are defined as <strong>trap plants<\/strong> (for example <em>Solanum nigra<\/em>) because they can produce a substance which kills the parasite. It\u2019s important to consider <strong>which parasites you aim to contrast<\/strong>, because every family is different.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Other families of trap plants are <em>Crucifere<\/em> or <em>Brassicacae<\/em> (the most effective are <em>Brassica nigra<\/em>, <em>Eruca sativa<\/em>, <em>Raphanus sativus<\/em>, <em>Sinapis alba<\/em>, etc.). They release specific substances (as glucosinolate and glucosidic) which diminish the development of fungus, parasites and insects. At the same time, some of these plants (like <em>Crotalaria juncea<\/em>) support the development of fungus which are predators of nematodes. Thanks to the <strong>green manure<\/strong>, all of these species can supply the soil with organic substances which allows the development of micro-organisms useful on the crops and in the soil.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">There are some plants which have an high biocidal action and in order to improve this feature it\u2019s necessary to carry out a chopping before the burial.<br \/> <strong><u><a href=\"https:\/\/www.forigo.it\/en\/stone-buriers\">Stone burier<\/a><\/u><\/strong> machines can be very useful for the distribution of plant residues in soil.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><div class='elementor-element elementor-element-4b5588c acenter button-mobile elementor-widget__width-initial has-animated-bg elementor-widget elementor-widget-wgl-button pulsante-old-articoli' data-id='4b5588c' data-element_type='widget' data-widget_type='wgl-button.default'>\r\n                        <div class='elementor-widget-container'>\r\n                            <a class='wgl-button btn-size-xl ' role='button' href='#form-articolo'>\r\n                                <div class='button__content '>\r\n                                    <span class='button__text'>Contact us!<\/span>\r\n                                <\/div>\r\n                            <\/a>\t\t\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                    <\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Grass_plants_in_greenhouse_a_new_strategy\"><\/span>Grass plants in greenhouse: a new strategy<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The application of grass plants for green manure has a specific strategy aimed to optimize the accumulation of organic substance and improve the biodiversity inside the greenhouse. In fact, grass plants comes from the monocots families while horticulture crops are dicotyledons. Thanks to the <strong>taxonomic differences<\/strong> between these species, horticulture crops and grass plants don\u2019t share any disease and only few parasites. Grass plants generate lots of organic substance which is characterized by a slower decomposition (in some circumstance this is an advantage). They cover the soil and suffocate potential infests, they also have roots which help the balance of the soil.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The adequate grass plants for Summer cycles in greenhouse are for example sudan surghus and gentle surghus, while for Winter cycles the avena strigose (which has to be planted in Autumn or Spring). In Winter cycles it\u2019s possible to employ all the species normally applied for cover crops, for example winter-autumn cereals, oats etc.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The <strong>gentle surghus<\/strong> is a C4 cycle plant (like corn), it\u2019s adequate for the warm environment of the greenhouse where it can express its genetic potential in terms of <strong>speed of growth<\/strong> and <strong>production of biomass<\/strong> (6-7 t for hectare of dry substance). This specific grass plant has a precocious development of leaves and roots. These roots go deeper into the soil by bringing nutrients in the layer of the horticulture crops.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The <strong>avena strigosa<\/strong> has a <strong>nematicide action<\/strong> on the species of the <em>Pratylencus <\/em>family. The application of <strong>grass plants<\/strong> can add species from a different family in the cultural cycle.<\/p>\n<table style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\">\n<tbody align=\"center\">\n<tr>\n<td width=\"375px\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn2.hubspot.net\/hubfs\/2588329\/green-manure-horticolture-senape-bruna.jpg\" alt=\"green-manure-horticolture-senape-bruna\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"20px\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td width=\"375px\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn2.hubspot.net\/hubfs\/2588329\/green-manure-horticolture-avena-strigosa.jpg\" alt=\"green-manure-horticolture-avena-strigosa\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: justify;\" width=\"375px\">The <strong>brown mustard<\/strong> (Crucifere family) can be planted in any season in the greenhouse, while in land it has to be planted in Spring. It has a <strong>biofumigant action<\/strong> and it\u2019s characterized by lots of roots.<\/td>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: justify;\" width=\"375px\">\n<p>The <strong>avena strigosa<\/strong> covers the soil and produces lots of biomass. It\u2019s optimal also the action of <strong>capturing<\/strong> nitrates.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Green_Manure_mixture_and_biodiversity\"><\/span>Green Manure: mixture and biodiversity<strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In greenhouse, the <strong>mixture of green manure<\/strong> is the best solution. Thanks to this technique it\u2019s possible to interact with the multi-faceted ecosystem.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Most employed mixtures are a bunch of species from at least two of these botanical families: <strong>grass plants<\/strong>, <strong>legumes<\/strong>, <strong>crucifere<\/strong>. However, mixtures can be arranged as your wish by introducing other species such as boraginaceae, solanaceae or polygonaceae, please be always aware of the fact that these species have to be free from parasites which can affect horticultural crops.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Thanks to the <strong>mixture<\/strong> it\u2019s possible to supply the soil with organic substance, the soil will be characterized from different roots. Mixtures helps the soil with the restore of <strong>homeostasis<\/strong> and <strong>fertility<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<table align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"250px\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn2.hubspot.net\/hubfs\/2588329\/green-manure-horticolture-crucifere.jpg\" alt=\"green-manure-horticolture-crucifere\" width=\"250\" style=\"width: 250px;\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"15px\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td width=\"300px\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn2.hubspot.net\/hubfs\/2588329\/green-manure-horticolture-miscuglio.jpg\" alt=\"green-manure-horticolture-miscuglio\" width=\"250\" style=\"width: 250px;\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"15px\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td width=\"250px\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn2.hubspot.net\/hubfs\/2588329\/green-manure-horticolture-miscuglio-crucifere.jpg\" alt=\"green-manure-horticolture-miscuglio-crucifere\" width=\"250\" style=\"width: 250px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"250px\">\n<p><span style=\"background-color: transparent;\"><strong>Mixture of crucifere<\/strong> (horseradish, white mustard, rapeseed). <br \/> Deep root systems, fast development of plants, biofumigant action. <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"15px\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"300px\">\n<p><strong>Mixture of grass plants and legumes.&nbsp;<br \/><\/strong>Typical mixture of <strong>green manure<\/strong> involves nitrogen-fixing species characterized by dense root system (legumes) with species which absorb lots of nitrogen (grass plants). This structure aims to improve the fertility of the soil and fight pesticides.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"15px\">&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"250px\">\n<p><strong>Mixture of oat, green rapeseed, white mustard, vetch.<br \/> <\/strong>It\u2019s a mix of all the vantages from three different botanical families (grass plants, crocifere and legumes) for a wide range strategy useful <strong>in greenhouse for short term cycles.<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p> &nbsp; <\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Green_manure_management_at_the_end_of_the_cycle\"><\/span>Green manure: management at the end of the cycle<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the greenhouse the <strong>cover crop<\/strong> has to be buried in order to allow the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.forigo.it\/en\/news\/seedbed-preparation-three-rules-to-achieve-perfect-results\">preparation of the seedbed<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The <strong>burial depth<\/strong> has to remain under 20 cm and well spread in the treated area. The right equipment for this work is without any doubt the <strong>stone burier<\/strong>, which can work directly in the soil. It\u2019s better to avoid the application of the plough because it can\u2019t reach the depth of the current machines.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn2.hubspot.net\/hubfs\/2588329\/green-manure-horticolture-stone-burier.jpg\" alt=\"green-manure-horticolture-stone-burier\" width=\"450\" style=\"width: 450px; float: right; margin: 0px 0px 10px 15px;\">The <strong>chopping<\/strong> of the crop before the burial is not necessary, but it can be useful to speed up the <strong>decomposing process<\/strong>. In fact, the chopping can reduce potential interferences (mechanical and biochemical) with the new crop and free biofumigant substances, enzymatic components and nutrients.<\/p>\n<p>The most appropriate moment to carry out the <strong>burial of the green manure<\/strong> <strong>crop<\/strong> is the <strong>beginning of the blossoming<\/strong>. For lots of species this is the same moment when the biomass is ready to reach its maximum and its degradability is stable. Besides, at the beginning of the blossoming it\u2019s possible to avoid the <strong>production of the seed<\/strong> from more premature individuals. However, the burial of the green manure can be <strong>anticipated<\/strong> when there is the necessity to start a new cultural cycle. The <strong>benefit<\/strong> brought by the green manure it\u2019s significant.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_Conclusion\"><\/span>&nbsp;Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In this article we have analyzed the <strong>green manure<\/strong> technique and the <strong>main crops<\/strong> which can be applied in the productive cycle of farms, according to the need of <strong>benefits<\/strong>. This technique is very important, especially from the point of view of a <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.forigo.it\/en\/news\/sustainable-agriculture-for-the-future-of-our-planet\">sustainable agriculture<\/a><\/strong> because it allows the restoration and the improvement of the <strong>fertility<\/strong> and the <strong>biodiversity<\/strong> in lands.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In order to achieve <strong>best results<\/strong> from the <strong>green manure<\/strong>, it\u2019s important to work with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.forigo.it\/en\/horticultural-machinery\">horticulture machines<\/a>, especially during the <strong>burial<\/strong> at the end of the cycle. <br \/> If you need more information or you want to know which stone burier machine meets your needs, do not hesitate to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.forigo.it\/en\/contact-us\">contact us<\/a>! Our experts <strong>Forigo<\/strong> are always at your disposal.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&nbsp;<div class='elementor-element elementor-element-4b5588c acenter button-mobile elementor-widget__width-initial has-animated-bg elementor-widget elementor-widget-wgl-button pulsante-old-articoli' data-id='4b5588c' data-element_type='widget' data-widget_type='wgl-button.default'>\r\n                        <div class='elementor-widget-container'>\r\n                            <a class='wgl-button btn-size-xl ' role='button' href='#form-articolo'>\r\n                                <div class='button__content '>\r\n                                    <span class='button__text'>Contact us!<\/span>\r\n                                <\/div>\r\n                            <\/a>\t\t\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                    <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Let\u2019s go back to the topic regarding crops which don\u2019t produce harvest. Do you know which benefits they can bring to your company? Now we will analyze the green manure technique: how you can use this process in horticulture and all the possible solutions.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":20535,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[408],"tags":[410],"class_list":["post-20534","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","tag-old-articoli"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Green Manure in Horticulture: How, When and Why - Forigo<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Do you know which benefits can bring green manure in horticulture? 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